PERCIVAL H. SPENCER
As the third child of inventor genius Christopher Miner Spencer, Spence was destined to become an inventor from the genes. Christopher M. Spencer (1833 - 1922) invented one of the earliest successful repeating rifles in 1860, the automatic screw machine (that produced screws in one operation) in 1873 and the repeating shotgun in 1886. Growing up in the early days of aviation, Spence very soon showed a keen interest in the 'flying machines'. When Popular Mechanics Magazine published plans for a hang glider, the youngster built one, thus providing the means to make his first solo flight April 2, 1911 at age thirteen from Prospect Hill in Keeney Park. On May 15, 1914, just two weeks after his 17th birthday, Spence made his first flight in a powered aircraft. He had rebuilt a Curtiss-type flying boat, which he took took to the air from the Connecticut River in Hartford. This was the start of a long career as a pilot, inventor and aircraft designer. In 1940/41 Spence designed the first Spencer S-12 Air Car amphibian. Late in 1943 the Air Car design patent was sold to Republic Aviation Corporation, where Spence started to work as a design consultant and a test pilot. Republic developed the Air Car into a four seat, all metal amphibian, from 1943 to 1945. Named RC-3 "Seabee", the amphibian became Republic's contender to the post WW2 personal airplane market. 1060 Seabees had been built when production ended in October 1947. In 1968, Spence designed and marketed with his partner, retired USAF Col. Dale L. "Andy" Anderson, the 4 passenger Spencer Amphibian Air Car, (S-12C, D, E) as a home built. Spence passed away on January 16, 1995 in the Del Amo Nursing Home, Torrance, California. Read more in the Spence Biography.
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CARL A. BELLINGER
After performing initial taxi tests of the new XF-91 hybrid jet/rocket interceptor at Republic's Farmingdale, Long Island facility, Bellinger made the first flight of that radical aircraft at the Muroc Air Force Flight Test Center (later Edwards AFB) on May 9, 1949. During an inflight emergency in the XF-91, he was guided to a successful emergency landing by his Air Force chase pilot flying an F-86 Sabre that day, who was noneother than the legendary Capt. Chuck Yeager. Bellinger relocated to California as Chief Experimental Test Pilot to head up Republic's test operations at Edwards, and eventually returned to Farmingdale to serve as Manager of Flight Test. He also held the distinction of having flown Republic's largest and smallest aircraft, the sleek four-engined XR-12 Rainbow, and of course the Seabee. [Thanks to Mr. Mike Machat for writing the above biography on Carl Bellinger]. As one of the Seabee test pilots, Bellinger dive tested the Seabee up to an airspeed of 189 mph. In one of the dive tests made for the CAA certification, the nose door became unlatched.
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ALFRED Z. BOYAJIAN
He educated at MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology and majored in Aeronautical Engineering in 1935. As a young and talented aeronautical engineer, Boyajian was employed by Republic Aviation Corporation, Farmingdale, Long Island, New York. The spectacular success of Republic's labors to simplify the Seabee airframe for mass production can to a great extent be credited to Republic's genius structures project engineer Alfred Boyajian. By applying then new theories of stress analysis to the Seabee design, Boyajian substituted the complex conventional ribs, spars, stringers, clips, angles, and other reinforcements that aircraft designers took over unquestioningly from aviation's wood-and-fabric days, with simple metal counterparts easily produced and assembled by automotive manufacturing methods. Although the Seabee was 15 per cent larger than the conventional RC-1 prototype, it had one-fourth the parts and took less than one-twelfth the man-hours to build. On individual assemblies the savings were often much greater. 1. The hull: Far more difficult to build than a fuselage, the prototype Seabee hull required 362 parts, 590 man-hours, and 6,500 rivets. By putting most of the internal weight into a tough outer shell, Republic greatly increased strength and corrosion resistance. Eliminated: 20 pounds, 299 parts, 560 manhours, and 4,100 rivets. Labor savings: $1,400. 2. Stabilizers: Republic's search for simplification began with this assembly. All but one rib and two spars were dropped, their strength replaced by a heavier skin with raised beads four inches apart, like the wing skin at right. Savings: 32 parts, 11.5 man-hours, 361 rivets, and $28.75 in labor. 3. Wingtip floats: Here a typical, twelve-part "egg-box" aircraft construction totally vanished, leaving a two-part job whose deep-drawn halves were simply welded together, with a hit of riveting around the neck. Fabrication time: 15 minutes. Saving: $23. 4. The wing: To prove to skeptics at Republic that the new stabilizer was no aerodynamic freak, the same principles were applied to the wing panel, which is ten times as large. The long-revered internal maze of ribs and stringers of the conventional design melted into three ribs and three spars. Over the simplified skeleton a single ribbed sheet is curled, riveted in one pass through Republic's new machine, and closed with a simple cap at the tip. Parts were reduced from 114 to 30, weight from 150 to 110 lbs, rivets from 2,627 to 882, and manhours from 280 to 15. Labor savings: $662. 5. Ailerons: Republic's successful surgery had cut aileron parts from eighteen to eleven, thereby saving $27 in manhours. The completely hollow, six-part model could be made in eighteen minutes. Boyajian published several scientific papers and lectures on his revolutionary approach to simplification of aircraft structures for low cost manufacture using automotive manufacturing methods. He was awarded patents for the Seabee construction methods. In addition to the Seabee, Boyajian also worked as a structural engineer on the P-47, F-84, XF-12 and XF-91 aircraft. Alfred Boyajian married Grace A. Nakashian, also a
first generation Armenian American, and they got two sons; Alfred (Fred)
Mitchell Boyajian (30 August 1945) and David Edward Boyajian (11
December 1947).
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GEORGE HILDEBRAND
In 1939, while working with legendary Cadillac design chief William Mitchell in Detroit, George saw a small want ad in a Detroit newspaper asking for "automotive designers to join the aircraft industry". The aircraft company was based on Long Island, New York. Sticking to his saying that "once you've lived in Manhattan, anywhere else is like camping out" - George applied for the job. On Christmas Eve day 1940 George started his new job as a design engineer with Republic Aviation Corporation. His first assignment was to design cockpit canopy enclosures with improved visibility for pilots during aerial combat. One of his projects included the P-47D single piece "blown bubble" canopy. Next project was the new Republic Seabee amphibian that Republic was developing for the expected post war personal airplane market. Again George's automotive design experience paid off handsomely. George was responsible for designing the cabin and considered the Seabee his personal favorite, because "it was the only Republic airplane that allowed the pilot to take along his entire family!" All Seabee enthusiasts who love the 'art deco' 1940s Ford look of the Seabee, are deeply grateful to George Hildebrand and his people for creating the unique classic style of the Seabee. One of the special features of the interior is the seats that can be arranged into beds! After the demise of Republic's civil projects, the RC-2 Rainbow airliner and RC-3 Seabee, Republic focused on military aircraft and designed some of the greatest classic jet fighters ever built; F-84 Thunderjet, F-84F Thundestreak, RF-84F Thunderflash, XF-91 Thunderceptor, F-105 Thunderchief. Hildebrand is credited for the F-105 getting the name "Thunderchief". George worked closely with his friend, and legend aircraft designer, Alexander Kartveli for many years. George projects for the 'Thunder'-jets included ejections seats and escape systems, canopies, interiors, etc. Several of his designs were patented, including the cantilever canopy design of the F-84F and the F-105 rocket powered ejection seat. Hildebrand was also consulted by Republic engineering friend Herbert Lindblad to design the interior of the C-1 Skimmer amphibian that Grumman engineer David B. Thurston and Herb Lindblad were designing in their spare time. Thurston and Lindblad formed Colonial Aircraft Corp. in 1946 to build and market the C-1/C-2 Skimmer amphibians. They are still produced in developed form as the Lake Renegade amphibians. In the mid 1960s Republic started suffering hard times, and eventually took on civil non-aviation projects, including a contract with New York State for the design and construction of safety concepts to improve crash survivability in future cars. With George as the program manager and chief designer, the Fairchild-Republic Safety Car Program designed several innovative safety features that only in our days are starting to be standard on most cars; interior inflatable crash cushions ('air bags'), high mounted brake lights, children safety carrier seats, seat headrests against whiplash injuries, high impact bumpers, etc. Two prototype ESV (Experimental Safety Vehicle) cars were built by Republic Fairchild for DoT in the early 1970s to demonstrate the safety concepts that all cars have today. George retired from Republic in 1972. He was always proud of being a "RACer"! George Hildebrand passed away in 1983. However, his heritage lives on in every Republic Seabee flying... [Many thanks to aviation artist and magazine editor Mr. Mike Machat for supplying this fascinating information on his uncle! See "Wings Magazine", October 2000 issue, for more...]
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JOHN P. HOOPER
Since that time the IRSOC website has provided many valuable services to Seabee owners, including - but not limited to - the exchange of service information and experiences, classified ads for scarce parts, buying and selling of Seabees and news of events related to the versatile amphibian. The website also provided a valuable forum for discussion of any and all challenges of Seabee ownership. John was an airport owner and a fixed base operator in Saginaw, Michigan, and hearing of the manufacturing plans for the Seabee became one of its earliest dealers. At this time the purchase price had risen from the early projection of $3,995 to $5,995, but still considered a great value. Among the customers was Jason K. Downer, a Saginaw business man and friend, who later bought the manufacturing rights for the RC-3 Seabee amphibian from Republic Aviation Corp. Mr. Downer started Downer Aircraft Corp. with plans to re-start manufacture of the Seabee, with a better engine. These plans stranded, and later Mr. Downer became involved in Bellanca aircraft in Minnesota. In year 2001, John passed the IRSOC-torch on to Mr. Steve Mestler and Mr. Jim Poel, who run the current IRSOC web-site. At 90 (2004), John Hooper is still active on Internet with his personal web-site.
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ALFRED MARCHEV
On 12 July 1921 he married Martha Goodspeed Bovier. They had three children; George Bovier Marchev, Mary Elizabeth (Mimi) Marchev and Alfred Marchev Jr. In March 1942 Marchev was 'headhunted' by Republic Aviation Corporation's third president, Ralph Damon. Starting out as Damon's assistant, Marchev's remarkable skills in production management and production engineering soon had him managing both the Republic plants, in Farmingdale, NY, and in Evansville, Indiana. At the peak of the war, the two Republic plants were turning out a total of 450 P-47 Thunderbolt fighters a month! When Damon stepped out in September 1943, Marchev moved smoothly in as Republic's fourth President. This was the first nonviolent administrative shift in the company's history. At long last, Republic's stockholders could assume that their company had achieved the maturity of management stability. It was also healthy enough that year to pay a 25-cent common-stock dividend - the first in history. As the new president of RAC, Marchev was soon facing the emerging challenges of peace! The end of WW2 would mean a dramatic reduction in military sales. Marchev very early realized that he had to start preparing Republic for the civilian market. It was expected that of the many thousands of military pilots returning home, many would like to have their own personal airplanes when war ended. Also the giant leaps in aviation technology made during war would make the air transportation look completely different. And finally - the first US military jets were developed. Republic decided to focus their peacetime on three new aircraft; the four engine XF-12 / RC-2 Rainbow propeller transport, a single engine four seat personal amphibian and the XP-84 Thunderjet jetfighter. Late 1943 Republic acquired the manufacturing rights for a small pusher amphibian, the Spencer Air Car, designed and flown by Percival H. Spencer just before USA entered the war. Spencer had previously been one of Republic's manufacturing test pilots for P-43 and P-47, but was now hired by Marchev to be a design consultant for Republic's secret peacetime amphibian project. The board accepted Marchev's direction and early 1944 a small group of dedicated engineers started the building of a concept prototype under the designation RC-1 ("Republic Commercial One") Thunderbolt Amphibian. The RC-1, registered NX41816, made her first flight on 30 November 1944 with Spencer at the controls. However, Republic Aviation's president Alfred Marchev, realized that if Republic was going to win the expected post WW2 personal airplane market boom, they had to make something different at a price affordable for the masses. Marchev contended that there was something drastically wrong with the design of airframe structures, since their manufacturing costs were so high. Comparing it with automotive standards, he felt that for the cost of making a single assembly such as a wing or tail, it should be possible to make not just one, or two, or even three, but anywhere from five to ten times as many by simplifying the designs and reducing the number of parts required. Alfred Z. Boyajian, one of Marchev's most skilled engineers, wrote about Marchev;- He deserves great credit for being one of the first executives who not only established what was wrong, but more important, did something to correct it. Marchev ordered a complete redesign of the Seabee to reduce the cost dramatically. He wanted to build and sell personal aircraft at the price of automobiles...! The seemingly impossible goals Marchev set for his engineers were: a four seat amphibian aircraft at a sales price of $ 3.000 - the conventional prototype would have an estimated sales price of $ 13.000! The engineers, headed by Alfred Z. Boyajian, took the challenge. Several changes were made; the tapered cantilever wings were replaced by constant chord strut braced wings, the partly burried retractable wheels of the RC-1 were replaced by wheel retracted in the free air. Number of parts were reduced substantially by introducing deep die press forming methods from the automotive industry, and wherever possible automotive parts and components were used in favor of overpriced aviation industry parts. In order to reduce the costs of the engine installed, Republic even acquired the engine manufacturer. Republic also negotiated large quantity rabates from vendors. For the first time an aircraft manufacturer seriously looked to the automobile industry to take advantage of automotive design and manufacturing methods for reducing production time and costs. Unfortunately, several factors made big problem for the Seabee production and sales. Important manufacturing tools such as sheet metal presses got delayed from the tool subcontractors, material and labor costs increased forcing Republic to increase sales price twice in less than a year. Production deliveries got delayed and production rates were never even close to the original goal of making 400 Seabees per month - 5.000 in one year. In June 1947 Republic was forced to stop production when sales failed, after only one and a half year and 1060 built. On 2 October 1947 Republic announced that the Board had made the final decision to terminate the Seabee project in favor of military aircraft such as the new F-84 Thunderjet fighter jet. On December 28, 1946, it was announced that Republic's chief engineer Alexander Kartveli had been elected a Director. Three days later, President Alfred Marchev was shifted to the board chairmanship, and his forty-year-old sales manager, Mundy I. Peale, was chosen to take over as President. Alfred Marchev died from congestive hearth failure on 27 November 1947, at the age of 51.
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JOE B. McHUGH
Born August 27, 1931, in Tacoma, McHugh graduated from Enumclaw High School and served in the Navy Reserves as a pilot. He lived in the South County area for 70 years. McHugh worked at Pacific Northwest Airlines as a flight engineer and co-pilot; at Western Airlines as a co-pilot and captain; and as a captain at Delta Airlines. Joe sadly was killed in a tragic Seabee accident on June 16, 2003. He is survived by his son, Scott A. Henderson of Anchorage, Alaska; daughters, Penny Larson of Woodinville, Kris Goldman of Salt Lake City, Utah, and Lynn Clark of Bothell; brothers, Jim McHugh of Enumclaw and John McHugh of Olympia; sister, Barbara Jussila of Sumner; and eight grandchildren. After the tragic death of Joe McHugh, his children decided to continue the legacy and the support for Seabees that their father so loved.
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GEORGE MOJONNIER
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CAPT. RICHARD W. SANDERS
Since August 1970 Richard owned Seabee N6458K (s/n 709), bought from a TV station owner in Minneapolis. N6458K was a former Einarson Bros aircraft, and had the recognizable 'trademarks' of Einarson's Seabees; splates, inboard wing-root fences and extended spray rails. When living in Ft. Worth during the 1970s Richard belonged to the 'Texas Swarm' of Seabee enthusiasts. 'The Swarm' included people like Tom Danaher (N191VW), Capt. Marion Wright (N6048K) and E. E. Stell (N6705K). They would get together whenever they could for Seabee meetings and frequently the Seabees were operated from Eagle Mt. Lake. In 1977 Richard met Peggy, who also was a pilot, and together they moved to Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Richard offered Seabee instruction and charter rides in Florida under his business' name Tradewind Seaplane Service. He was also hired as test/demonstration pilot for Teal Aircraft Corp. in St. Augustine, where he flight-tested new Teal amphibians and demonstrated them for potential buyers. During the 1970s Dick was the test pilot for 10 US government surplus Grumman Albatross amphibians sold to Mexico. In the 1980s Richard piloted Grumman Albatross N6969 for The Smithsonian Institution troughout the Carribean on marine biology research missions out of Andrews AFB. The Albatross was Dick's favorite airplane - "The Ultimate amphib!". Together with Peggy, Richard started the Seabee Club International in 1983 to continue the efforts of Mr. George Mojonnier in the 1960s and 1970s. Richard & Peggy did a tremendous job publishing the highly informative 'Seabee Club International Newsletter' for 9 years, the first published in April 1984, the last (#30) in April 1993. Richard was a member of Seaplane Pilots Association (SPA#200), and he was the
Southern Director for several years.
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ALEXANDER P. DE SEVERSKY
In 1921 he and General Billy Mitchell worked together staging the bombing tests that graphically demonstrated the vulnerability of battleships to airplanes. Then, following his invention of the in-flight refueling method, he worked with the Sperry Gyroscope Company, to produce a gyro-stabilized bombsight in 1923 that was acclaimed the world's best. He was commissioned a major in the USAAC, and founded Seversky Aircraft Corp in 1928. In 1930 de Seversky again made a most important contribution to his new country's air efforts in the all-metal P-43 fighter, predecessor of the historic P-47 Thunderbolt. Many of its new concepts are universally accepted construction principles for today's aircraft. Capable of speeds over 300 mph, the P-43 gave long-range and high-altitude protection to US bombers. He also developed an advanced design amphibian in which he set world speed records 1933-35, and an all-metal monoplane that set speed records at the 1933-39 Nationals, as well as a transcontinental speed record in 1938. The outbreak of WW2 found the US air arsenal pitifully neglected. To bring the magnitude of this problem to public attention, de Seversky wrote his best-seller book, "Victory Through Airpower". Also made into a movie, it awoke people to the need for better airpower. For that, and for his counsel on the strategic use of air power, President Truman awarded him the Medal of Merit. By then he had become world reknown as an expert in the areas of airpower and defense. His Seversky Electroatom Corp of 1952 directed its efforts to defending the USA against nuclear attack, and to extraction of radioactive particles from the air. Research in that area led to the discovery of the Ionacraft, an aircraft that derived lift and propulsion from ionic emissions. For serving as a special consultant to the Chiefs of Staff of the USAF, he received the Exceptional Service Medal in 1969. De Seversky was enshrined in the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1970.
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THOR SOLBERG
After the war, Solberg came back to Norway to start a flight school and he was also the Republic representative for Norway. Solberg imported a total of 10 Seabees from Republic for a number of Norwegian operators, including his own operation 'Thor Solberg Flyveselskap A/S'. Due to the hostile bureaucratic climate for starting aviation businesses in Norway, Solberg moved back to the USA in 1948, where he continued running the Solberg Huntington Airport. Solberg returned to Norway again in the mid 1950s, when he started a large flying school at Jarlberg Airport after American pattern. [Under construction]
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WILLIAM WESCHE JR.
Upon returning to Farmingdale, he found work as an Air Traffic Controller at Republic Aviation Coporation's (RAC) Control Tower (FRG), where he met his future wife Mary McPartland. Incidentally, the Federal CAA did not hire women to work as controllers back then, so she worked for RAC. Ms. McPartland was one of the first rated female Air Traffic Controllers in the USA. In September 1946, when the Seabee amphibian production went into overdrive at RAC, Bill transferred to the flight-line as a Seabee test- and executive/ferry pilot. During this period, Chuck Yeager was a military test pilot stationed at RAC. Bill and Mary were friendly with Chuck and his wife Glennis and even occasionally double-dated. From roughly September 1946 to June 1947 Bill's job was to take a freshly minted Seabee from the assembly line, put it through the paces and ultimately declare it air/seaworthy. Between test flight he demonstrated Seabees to potential customers, and if a sale was made, would render enough flight instruction to bring the new owner to currency. Many potential customers conducted business in the NY City area and with the accessibility of Long Island Sound, NY Harbor, and The Hudson and East Rivers, a Seabee made great sense. Bill found himself flying into numerous waterports often. As Bill and Mary became more serious, she had major concerns about the dangers of test piloting more than a few times... E.g. on one occasion Bill had to, unexpectedly, put a Seabee in on the Atlantic Ocean of all places! Bill left test piloting for good in June 1947, married Mary and began working as an Air Traffic Controller with the CAA at Barnes-Westfield tower in January 1948. From there he transferred to New York's Idlewild Tower (now JFK), and eventually to Bradley Tower in Windsor Lock, CT, where he retired as a supervisor in January 1979. He passed away on September 30, 1994. [Many thanks to Mr. Jeffry Wesche, for sharing this interesting information about his father].
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TURE WIRÉN
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WANTED!! Biographies and photos wanted for the following Seabee people:
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Percival Hopkins Spencer was born
on April 30, 1897 in
Windsor, Connecticut. Percival
always hated his name and preferred to be called "Spence".
Unlike
most military-trained factory test pilots, Carl Bellinger came up
through the civilian piloting ranks after earning his private license in
1930. He started his career in 1939 as a production test pilot on
the P-47 thunderbolt, and flew the experimental XP-72 version of
that aircraft as well. While testing the Republic F-84B
Thunderjet, he established a new world speed record of 621 mph.
Alfred
Zaven Boyajian - a first generation Armenian American - was born on 5
June 1913 in Watertown, Massachusetts, as the youngest of four children.
His brother was Vahe and his sisters were Knar and Penny.
George
Hildebrand came with his parents to the USA from Paris, France, in
1915. His father was a noted fashion designer, and George soon
exhibited the design talents of his father. An early interest in
cars took him to all the auto shows and design studios, and soon he
worked as an apprentice with such companies as LeBaron and Rollston,
helping designing the beautiful bodies of Dusenberg and Packard
automobiles. Later he studied with master automotive artist Roland
Stickney.
Mr.
John P. Hooper (left), pictured at the Republic factory with Seabee
designer P. H. Spencer and the experimental Republic RC-1
Thunderbolt Amphibian, was the originator of IRSOC - The International
Republic Seabee Club International. In 1995 John first published a website
for the convenience of Seabee owners that were located in all parts of
the World.
Born
on August 25, 1896 in Petrikau (Lodz), Russia (now Lodz, Poland), Alfred Marchev emigrated to the USA
from Europe in 1919. His early job career included aviation experience
with Thomas Morse Aircraft Corp. and in the 1920s - forming his own
radio company. Later he had various production engineering jobs
with Western Electric, Ithaca Gun Works, Ditto Inc. and Signode Steel
Strapping Co.
McHugh was a true Seabee enthusiast and an avid long-time Seabee
owner. For many years McHugh developed and sold some of the most
popular and innovative Seabee engine conversions and Seabee modifications available,
through his company Simuflight. The Simuflight GO-480 engine
conversions were installed on Seabee all over the World.
George Mojonnier should certainly be included in your Seabee project.
I don't know if you will be getting any other information about him but
I will put down now what I know.
Richard
W. Sanders was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on 13 October 1927.
He soloed as a student pilot in 1952 and two years later he earned his
commercial pilot rating. From late 1954 he was a commercial
pilot with Central Airlines, Fort Worth, Texas, and later Frontier Airlines,
Denver, Colorado. Some of the aircraft types he was a pilot on
included; Douglas DC-3, Convair 240, 340, 440, 580 propliners and Boeing 737
jets. Richard retired as an airline captain in 1975, but continued
to fly commercially for a number of smaller companies and as a test
pilot until 1985. His logbooks were closed with more
than 21,000 hours in them...
Alexander
de Seversky (1894-1974). Born in Triflis, Russia, 7 June 1894.
Died 24
August 1974. After acquiring an aeronautical engineering degree,
Alexander Prokofieff de Seversky was commissioned as a lieutenant in the
Imperial Navy of Russia in 1915. On his first combat mission he lost his
right leg. Less than a year later he was back in the air, flying 57
missions, and downing 13 German aircraft to become Russia's top Naval
Ace. In 1917 de Seversky came to the USA, offering his services to the
War Dept, making outstanding contributions to their production of the
British-designed SE-5 fighter and serving as a test pilot.
One of the most famous Norwegian aviation
pioneers. In 1935 Solberg flew a Loening Air Yacht amphibian
(wheels removed) from New York, USA, to Bergen, Norway, via Canada,
Greenland and Iceland. During WW2 Solberg founded the Solberg
Huntington Airport in New Jersey, USA, where his flying school would
educate more than 2000 US Army pilots.
Mr. Wesche was born on February 15, 1924, in Farmingdale, Long Island.
After completeing high school in the summer of 1942, he enlisted in the US
Army Air Corps. He completed primary flight training - Class of 44-D -
April 1944 and went on to fly 18 combat missions out of Foggia, Italy, as a
commanding pilot of B-17 bombers. He was slated for B-29 training,
when war ended. Wesche was discharged as a 1st Lieutenant in October
1945.
